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Vegetation Cover and Medidcinal Use of Chitraokoot Kamadgiri Hill Plants

Arpana Mishra^*

Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya University, Chitrakoot, SATNA (M.P.), India

Abstract

Chitrakoot is a place of religious, cultural, historical and archaeological importance, situated in the Bundelkhand region. The place is believed to have been the abode of Lord Ram, Sita and Laxman during their exile. Chitrakoot as an eminently holy place inhabited by the great sages, abounding in monkeys, bears and various other kinds of fauna and flora. Totally 159 (Herb 107, tree 25, climber 17 and shrub 10) species were recorded in survey and studies on some medicinal plant of Kamadgiri hill.

Keywords

Chitrakoot, Herb, Shrub, Tree

Received: August 18, 2015
Accepted: September 5, 2015
Published online: September 17, 2015

@ 2015 The Authors. Published by American Institute of Science. This Open Access article is under the CC BY-NC license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Contents

1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Composition of Shrub Species 3.2. Composition of Herb Species 3.3. Composition of Trees Species 3.4. Composition of Climber Species 4. Conclusion

1. Introduction

Kamadgiri is the main holy place of Chitrakoot. The sanskrit word 'Kamadgiri' means the mountain which fulfills all the desires. Kamadgiri, the original Chitrakoot, is a place of prime religious significance. A forested hill, it is skirted all along its base by a chain of temples and is venerated today as the holy embodiment of Rama. There is a five KM Parikrama Path around the Kamadgiri Mountain. The place is believed to have been the abode of Lord Ram, Sita and Laxman during their exile. Lord Kamtanath, another of his names, is the principal deity not only of Kamadgiri but of the whole of Chitrakoot. Chitrakoot means the 'Hill of many wonders'. Chitrakoot falls in the northern Vindhya range of mountains spread over the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The Chitrakoot region is included in the District Chitrakoot of Uttar Pradesh and the District Satna of Madhya Pradesh (District Unit Chitrakoot, National Informatics Centre).

Tulsidas, the saint-poet of hindi has spoken very reverently of this place in all his major works-Ramcharit Manas, Kavitawali, Dohawali and Vinaya Patrika. In India used approximately about 2500 species of medicinal plants which few more than 100 species serve as regular sources of medicine (Pei. 2001, Jain and Patole. 2001). Shinwaikar et. al (2004) reported that many plants have shown positive activities. A good number of plant species are being used the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery (Sikarwar et al., 2008).

Totally 84 species of plants belonging to 39 families were known to be effectively used for treating pyretics, skin, ulcer, gastrointestinal, diabetes, diarrhoea and dysentery diseases by the tribal and rural peoples of Chitrakoot (Mishra, 2015). Mishra (2009, 2014) recorded that ethenomedicinal properties of Lantana camara and Parthenium hysterophous. Dewedi et al (2007), Ekka and Dexit (2007) and Jain (1962) several works on ethnomedicine. 64 species of plants belonging to 37 families plants are used by the rural people treatment and cure many disease in human and animals. The drugs (flower, fruit, leaf, bark and seed) are used to develop many medicinal preparations (Mishra, 2015).

The present study was focused at the identification and determination of families and medicinal properties of Chitrakoot hill plant vegetation.

2. Materials and Methods

Study area

Chitrakoot is situated in the northern region of satna district of Madhya Pradesh and surrounded on North, Northwest and Northeast by Karwi (Chitrakoot) district of Uttar Pradesh and west by Panna district of M.P. It lies between 80 52’ to 80 73’N latitude, covering an area of 1,584 km².

Fig. 1. Kamadgiri hill.

Vegetation surveys of Kamadgiri have been carried out during the years 2012-2014. Data were based on personal contact and observation and interview with local traditional healers and villagers of different localities of the study area. Collection of data of trees, shrubs and herbs species occurring in Kamadgiri hill. Classification of the different species of trees, shrubs and herbs Data synthesis and analysis. The plant identified by published literature.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Composition of Shrub Species

The observation recorded in table 1 that Verbenaceae is the dominant family having 2 shrub species. Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae having 1 species each.

Table 1. Composition of shrub species in Kamadgiri hill.

S.No.	Name of the family	Name of species	% of Plants species
1	Malvaceae	Abutilon indicum	10
2	Sterculiaceae	Helicteres isora	10
3	Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus nummularia	10
4	Rubiaceae	Ixora coccinia	10
5	Verbenaceae	Vitex negundo Lantana camara	20
6	Lamiaceae	Ocimum basilicum	10
7	Euphorbiaceae	Securinega virosa	10
8	Apocynaceae	Holarrhena pubescens	10
9	Asclepiadaceae	Calotropis procera	10
		Total no. of species = 10

Table 2. Composition of herb species in Kamadgiri hill.

S. No.	Name of the family	Name of species	% of Plants species
1	Papaveraceae	Argemone mexicana	0.93
2	Cleomaceae	Cleome viscosa	0.93
3	Violaceae	Hybanthus enneaspermus	0.93
4	Polygalaceae	Polygala arvensis, P. chinensis	1.86
5	Malvaceae	Hisbiscus labatus, Sida acuta, S. cordata, S. cordifolia, S. rhomboidea, Urena lobata Malvastrum coromandelianum	6.54
6	Tiliaceae	Corchorus aestuans, Corchorus capsularis, C. olitorius, Triumfetta rhomboidea	3.73
7	Oxalidaceae	Biophytum sensitivum	0.93
8	Fabaceae	Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, A. hamosus, A. monilifer, A. vaginalis, Crotalaria medicaginea, Desmodium gangeticum, D. neomexicanum, D. triflorum, Indigofera cordifolia, I. linnae, I. linifolia, I. trita, Tephrosia pumila, T. purpurea, T. strigosa, Vigna trilobata, Zornia gibbosa	15.88
9	Caesalpiniaceae	Cassia absus, C. pumila, C. obtusifolia, C. tora	3.73
10	Rubiaceae	Borreria articularis, B. pusilla, Oldenlandia affinis, O. corymbosa	3.73
11	Asteraceae	Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens bipinnata, Lindernia ciliate, L. crustacea, Striga angustifolia	4.67
12	Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum	0.93
13	Martyniaceae	Martynia annua	0.93
14	Acanthaceae	Blepharis maderaspatensis, B.repens, Elytraria acaulis, Indoneesiella echioides, Justicia procumbens, J. simplex, Peristrophe paniculata, Rungia pectinata	7.47
15	Lamiaceae	Anisomeles indica, Hyptis suaveolens, Leucas aspera, Nepeta hindostana, Ocimum basilicum, O. canum,	5.60
16	Nyctaginaceae	Boerhavia diffusa	0.93
17	Amaranthaceae	Achyranthes aspera, A. bidentata, Aerva sanguinolenta, Alternanthera pungens, Amaranthus spinosus, A. viridis, Digera muricata, Gompherena celosioides, Pupalia lappacea	8.41
18	Euphorbiaceae	Acalypha indica, A. ciliate, Euphorbia chamaesyce, E. hirta, E.hypericifolia, Phyllanthus amarus, P. fraternus, P. urinaria, P. virgatus	8.41
19	Hypoxidaceae	Curculigo orchioides	0.93
20	Commelinaceae	Commelina bengalensis, C. hasskarlii, C. paludosa, C. longifolia, C. suffruticosa, Cyanotis cristata, Murdannia nudiflora, Blumea lacera, Cotula anthemoides, Emilia sonchifolia, Parthenium hysterophorus, Sonchus asper, Tridax procumbens, Vernonia cinerea, Xanthium strumarium	14.01
21	Convolvulaceae	Cuscuta campestris, Evolvulus alsinoides, E. nummularius	2.80
22	Solanaceae	Physalis minima, Solanum incanum, S. nigrum, S. virginianum	3.73
23	Scrophulariaceae	Lindenbergia indica	0.93
24	Gentianaceae	Enicostemma hyssopifolium	0.93
		Total no. of species = 107

Fig. 2. Shrub species in Kamadgiri hill.

3.2. Composition of Herb Species

The table 2 data indicate that the family Fabaceae is the dominant herb family having 17 species. Commelinaceae having 15 species. Euphorbiaceae having 9 species. Acanthaceae 8 and Lamiaceae having 6 species. Amaranthaceae having 9 species. Malvaceae 7 and Asteraceae having 5 species. Tiliaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Rubiaceae and Solanaceae having 4 each. Convolvulaceae having 3 species and Papaveraceae, Cleomaceae, Violaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pedaliaceae, Martyniaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Gentianaceae having 1 each.

Fig. 3. Trees species in Kamadgiri hill.

3.3. Composition of Trees Species

The table 3 data indicate that Moraceae is the dominant family having 5 trees species. Mimosaceae and Rubiaceae having 3 species. Rutaceae and Caesalpiniaceae having 2 species. Anacardiaceae, Ulmaceae, Bombacaceae Sterculiaceae, Meliaceae, Celastraceae, Sapindaceae, Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae having 1 species each.

Table 3. Composition of trees species in Kamadgiri hill.

S. No.	Name of the family	Name of species	% of Plants species
1	Anacardiaceae	Lannea coromandelica	4.0
2	Ulmaceae	Holoptelea integrifolia	4.0
3	Bombacaceae	Bombax ceiba	4.0
4	Sterculiaceae	Sterculia urens	4.0
5	Rutaceae	Aegle marmelos, Limonia acidissima	8.0
6	Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica1	4.0
7	Celastraceae	Cassine glauca	4.0
8	Sapindaceae	Schleichera oleosa	4.0
9	Moraceae	Ficus benghalensis, F. mollis, F. racemosa, F. religiosa,F. virens	20
10	Caesalpiniaceae	Bauhinia racemosa, Cassia fistula	8.0
11	Mimosaceae	Acacia leucophloea, Albizia lebbeck, A. odoratissima	12
12	Rubiaceae	Gardenia latifolia, Haldina cordifolia, Mitragyna parviflora	12
13	Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia neriifoliaj	4.0
14	Fabaceae	Pobnbngamia pinnata	4.0
15	Flacourtiaceae	Flacourtia indica	4.0
		Total no. of species = 25

3.4. Composition of Climber Species

The observation recorded that in table 4 Cucurbetaceae and Convolvulaceae family is the dominant family having 4 climber species. Menispermaceae having 3 species. Vitaceae, Fabaceae and Asclepiadaceae having 2 climber species each.

Table 4.Composition of climber species in Kamadgiri hill.

S.No.	Name of the family	Name of species	% of Plants species
1	Menispermaceae	Cocculus hirsutus, Stephania glabra, Tinospora cordifolia	17.64
2	Vitaceae	Ampelocissus latifolia, Cayratia trifolia	11.76
3	Fabaceae	Butea superba, Teramnus labialis	11.76
4	Cucurbetaceae	Coccinia grandis, Cucumis melo, Momordica dioica, Trichosanthes bracteata	23.5
5	Convolvulaceae	Ipomoea obscura, I. pes-tigridis, I. sinensis, I. sindica	23.5
6	Asclepiadaceae	Gymnema sylvestre, Hemidesmus indicus	11.76
		Total no. of species = 17

Fig. 4. Climber species in hill.

The fig. 5 showing that a total of 159 (107 herb, 25 Tree, 17 Climber and 10 Shurb) species are found in composition of Chitraokoot hill. Some plants are used by the rural people treatment and cure for many disease in human and animals (Table - 5).

Fig. 5. No. of herb, shrub, tree and climber species in Kamadgiri hill.

Table 5. Some enthenomedicinal plants , part used for the treatment of different disease.

S.No	Botanical name	Local name	Name of family	Habit	plant part used / medicinal uses
1	Tinospora cordifolia	Guluchi	Menispermaceae	Climber	Whole plant / Diabetes, Jaundice, Liver
2.	Argemone mexicana	Ghumaiya	Papaveraceae	Herb	Flower / Fever and Dysentery
3.	Abutilon indicum	Country mallow	Malvaceae	Shrub	Leaves / Diarrhoea
4	Sida acuta	Sida	Malvaceae	Herb	Root and Leaves / Antipyretic, Nervous and Urinary tonic
5	Sida cordata	Sida	Malvaceae	Herb	Leaves / Hay fever, asthma, antibacterial
6	Sida cordifolia	Sida	Malvaceae	Herb	Leaves / Hay fever, asthma, antibacterial
7	Urena lobata	Mpuruza	Malvaceae	Herb	Root / Hydrophobia
8	Tephrosia purpurea,	Sarphonka, Ramsar	Fabaceae	small annual herb	Roots and leaves / Fever, asthma
9	Cassia fistula	Amaltas	Fabaceae	Tree	Seed, Fruit pulp / malarial fever, loose motion
10.	Butea monosperma	Dhak, Palas	Fabaceae	deciduous tree	Wood, flower / snake bite, itch and eczema, worm ring, regulate menstrual cycle
11.	Anogeissus latifolia	Dhao	Combretaceae	deciduous tree	stem bark / snake bite, diarrhoea
12.	Anogeissus pendula	Kardhai	Combretaceae	Deciduous trees or shrubs	Seed, bark / dysentery
13	Ocimum basilicum	Tulasi	Lamiaceae	Herb	Leaves/ Eczema, Fever, asthma
14.	Justicia ocumbens	Bakus	Acanthaceae	Herb	Leaves / Eczema
15.	Anogeissus latifolia	Dhawa	Combretaceae	Tree	Bark / Diarrhoea
16.	Helicteres isora	Marorphalin	Sterculiaceae	Shrub	Fruit / Gastrointestinal dieses
17.	Evolvulus alsinoides	Sankhapushpi	Convolvulaceae.	Herbs perennial	Whole plants/prevent bleeding.
18	Wrightia tinctoria	Safed Korea	Apocynaceae	Tree	Seed / Diabetes
19	Holarrhena pubescens	Kutaja	Apocynaceae	Shrub	Leaves / Diarrhoea
20	Holoptelia integrifolia	Chilbil	Ulmaceae	deciduous tree	Leaves, wood, bark / ring-warm, gout, totem
21	Vitex negundo	Negad	Verbenaceae	Shrub	Leaves, Fruit pulp / joint pain, paralysis
22	Lantana camara	Ghaneri	Verbenaceae	Shrub	Twigs, leaves, root/ cuts, wounds and thatching
23	Calotropis procera	Aak	Asclepiadaceae	Herb	Root, flower, Leaf/ itch, eczema, Asthama and Swelling
24	Gymnema sylvestre	Gudmar	Asclepiadaceae	Climber	Leaves / Diabetes
25	Hemidesmus indicus	Indian Sarsaparilla	Asclepiadaceae	Climber	Leaves / Antidiarrhoeal, mucoprotective, Antiulcer
26	Lannea coromandelica	Dumpidi	Anacardiaceae	Tree	Bark / Cuts, wounds, diabetes and leprosy
27	Achyranthes aspera,	Apamarg, Latjira	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Whole plant / fever
28	Holarrhena sp.	Kutaj	Apocynaceae	Tree	root bark / Given to goat & Cow for yielding milk, dysentery
29	Phyllanthus amarus	Usiri	Euphorbiaceae	Herb	Leaf, Fruit / Tridosa, Jaundice, Peptic
30	Azadirachta indica,	Neem	Meliaceae	Tree	Leaves/ intestinal worms and skin disorder
31	Ficus benghalensis	Bargad	Moraceae	Very large tree	Arial roots, woo / Dysentery
32	Ficus racemosa	Umber, Umar	Moraceae	evergreen tree	Latex, wood, fruit / skin disease, dysentery and diabetes
33	Ficus religiosa,	Pipal	Moraceae	evergreen tree	Plant / stop bleeding, Totem,
34	Acalypha indica	Kuppi, Khokli	Euphorbiaceae		Leaves/Eczema
35	Tinospora cordifolia	Gurich	Minispermaceae	evergreen tree	Leaves/malarial fever, diabetes M
36	Eugenia jambolana	Jamun	myrtaceae.	evergreen tree	Leaves, fruit/ Pyorrhea, diabetes
37	Ixora coccinia	Kaya	Rubiaceae	Shrub	Flower / Eczema
38	Helicteres isora	Marod fali	Sterculiaceae	Herb	Fruits/ stomach ache
39	Datura innoxia	Dhatura	Solanaceae	annual shrub	Fruits/Itch
40	Solanum nigrum	Makoy	Solanaceae	Herb	Fruit / joint pain
41	Solanum virginians	Bhatkataiya	Solanaceae	herb	Seed / joint pain
42	Cynodon dactylon	Doob Ghas	Poaceae.	small perennial creeping grass	Hole plant/Wounds, diarrhea, vomiting , itch and eczema

4. Conclusion

Present study showing that a total of 159 (107 herb, 25 Tree, 17 Climber and 10 Shurb) species are found in composition of Chitraokoot hill. Some plants are used by the rural people treatment and cure for many disease in human and animals. Some of the plants reported in earlier study not found due to grazing by animals or environmental stress.

References

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