Effect of Dump Site Soil on the Growth of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Osuagwu G. G. E.^{1, *}, Nwokeocha O. W.¹, Mgbeze G. C.², Ini O. O.¹

¹Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria

²Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria

Abstract

The effect of dump site soil on the growth characteristics of Phaseolus vulgaris plant, its proximate composition and anti- nutritional factor of the seeds were examined. All the growth parameters studied showed a positive increase as the dump site soil proportion increased. The result of the proximate composition revealed that an increase in the dump site soil proportion caused an increase in the moisture, ash, crude fibre, fat and protein content while the carbohydrate content decreased. The result of the anti-nutritional content revealed an increase in the tannin content, phytate, oxalate, cyanide, and trypsin inhibitor.

Keywords

Dump Site, Soil, Common Bean, Effect, Growth

Received: July 2, 2015
Accepted: July 11, 2015
Published online: July 28, 2015

@ 2015 The Authors. Published by American Institute of Science. This Open Access article is under the CC BY-NC license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

1. Introduction

The use of residue from human consumption, agricultural activities, and municipal waste can improve soil physical and chemical properties and also the fertility and production (Sposito, 1982). Compost represent an important resource to maintain and restore soil fertility and are of great value nowadays, particularly in those countries where the organic matter content of the soil is low (Castaldi et al., 2004). Soil organic matter plays a major role in maintaining soil quality (Pedra et al., 2007). In addition to supplying plant nutrients, the type and amount of soil organic matter influences several soil properties (Arau’jo et al., 2008). Nevertheless, the application of composted waste to agricultural soils requires caution due to the possibility of food chain contamination and negative effects on soil microbiology, particularly rhizobia (Singh and Agrawal, 2009).

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a herbaceous plant that belong to the family of Fabeceae. Over 30 species of Phaseolus have reported from the Americas (Debouck, 1991) and out of these only five namely common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), year bean (Phaseolus polyanthus), scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A, Gray) and lima bean (P. lunatus L.) are known to be domesticated (Gepts and Debouck, 1991). The plant originated from the western area of Mexico and Guatemala. It is widely cultivated and distributed from Mexico to the southern ends of the southern Andes (Voysest and Fernandez, 1986). It is widely consumed throughout the world (Juhi et al., 2010). Common bean is one of the staple food in Africa, India, and Latin America. It is an important source of dietary proteins for both human and animals, but for the presence of high concentration of toxins such as phytate, tannins and oxalate referred to anti-nutritive factors that affect the nutritional quality by interacting with intestinal tract and also reduce protein digestibility and amino acid absorption (Nowacki, 1980). According to Liener (1994), unless these substances are destroyed by heat or other treatments, they can exert adverse physiological effects when utilized by animals and man. Common bean is a legume considered as a functional food because it contains bioactive phytochemicals such as polyphenols and tannins which show antioxidant capacity (Duenas et al., 2005; Oomah et al., 2005).

2. Materials and Methods

The study was conducted in the premises of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, (M.O.U.A) Umudike. Umudike is in the rainforest belt of Nigeria and lies on latitude 05˚ 28˚N and longitude 07˚ 32˚E. It has an average rainfall of 2,200mm and is 123 meters above sea level. Minimum and maximum temperatures are 22.41˚C and 30˚C respectively, with total annual mean rainfall of 1,245.3 mm (N.R.C.R.I Meteorological Report, 1983). The seeds used for the studied where gotten from the seed unit of National Root Crop Research Institute, (N.R.C.R.I) Umudike, while the dump site soil and top soil were collected from the dump  site of MOUAU and the university demonstration farm respectively. The seeds were planted in plastic buckets in which the soils where poured at different proportions. There were four (4) different dump site to top soil proportions used for the study; T₁ (25% dump site soil and 75% top soil), T₂ (50% dump site soil and 50% to soil), T₃ (75% dump site soil and 25% top soil), T₄ (100% dump site soil and 0% top soil) and Control (0% dump site soil and 100% top soil). Seven (7) seeds of P. vulgaris were sown on each of the plastic bucket after which it was thinned down to three (3), four weeks after germination. The parameters taken into consideration and measured periodically were the height of plant, number of flowers, number of pods, number of leaves, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. The seeds which were gotten from the matured plants were analyzed to determine their proximate and anti-nutrient content respectively. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 20. The mean differences were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at 5% confidence level.

3. Results

The result in table 1 shows the composition of dump site and top soils respectively. This result was use to compare the various constituents of both soils to establish which had more composite compared to the other. Tables 2-6 summarized the effect of dump site soil on the vegetative and reproductive growth as well as proximate and anti-nutrient contents of P. vulgaris.

Table 1. Composition of Dump site and top soil.

Table 2. Effect of Dump site soil on the Plant height of P.vulgaris.

Table 3. Effect of Dump site soil on the reproductive growth of P.vulgaris after 2 weeks of planting.

Table 4. Effect of Dump site soil on the number of leaves of P.vulgaris.

Table 5. Effect of Dump site soil on the proximate composition of P.vulgaris after 8 weeks after planting.

Table 6. Effect of Dump site soil on the anti-nutritional content of P.vulgaris after 8 weeks after planting.

4. Discussion

Results from soil analysis show that of the fifteen (15) parameters measured, dump site soil had greater amount of those compared to top soil; this agree with the report by Ideriah et al., (2010). The high phosphorus (5.99 mg kg^-1) and nitrogen (0.29 mg kg^-1) content recorded in dump site soil could be attributed to high organic matter found in dump soil (Soheil et al., 2012). The high magnesium (4.00 mg kg ^-1), sodium (O.14 mg kg ^-1), and potassium (0.19 mg kg^-1) content in the dump site soil can also be attributed to organic matter of the dump site soil (Essien and Nnawuihe, 2013). It was also discovered that the organic matter content of dump site was significantly higher than that of top soil and this is as a result of the living and dead plant and animal activities in the soil (Ideriah et al., 2013). The dump site soil pH (5.99) confirmed that the soil was acidic and this could be as a result of high exchange acidity (EA). Exchange acidity is the concentration of acidic cation (H⁺ and A) present in soil solution. This is used as anion balance for cation. High EA can be attributed to organic carbon and organic matter as it shows the fertility status of the soil (Essien and Nnawuihe, 2013).

Findings on the effect of dump site soil on the plant height show that the soil had an increasing effect on the height of P. vulgaris plant over the eight (8) week period of growth as the height of the plant increased with increase in the proportion of the dump site soil used in cultivating the crop as against top soil and this supports findings by (Ozdemir, 2005; Theodoratos et al. 2000).

The number of flower, pod fresh and dry weight and the number of seeds per pod increased with increase in the dump site soil proportion (DSSP) till in T₅ where there is a sharp decline in all four (4) parameters measured. This result and trend is supported by Soheil et al., (2012) who stated that excessive compost manure would have negative effect on physical characteristics; Gautam et al., (2012) also had similar report on the growth and yield of Indian mustard.

Like what was observed in the number of flower, pod fresh and dry weights, and the number of seeds per pod, there was an increase in the number of leaves of P. vulgaris with increasing dump site soil proportion (DSSP) and highest number of leaves was observed in T_4. However, this was followed by a decrease in the number of leaves and again this result agrees with reports by (Soheil et al., 2012; Gautam et al., 2012).

Results from the proximate analysis reveal that the moisture content of sample was not significant (P≥ 0.05) except for T₄ (100% DSSP) whose moisture was significantly different when compared to others. T₃ with the lowest moisture content will have a prolonged shelf life, as microbial activities are favored by high moisture content (Gernah et al., 2010). The ash content of T₁-T₄ (25%-100%) were significantly different when compared with the control as this shows that the ash content increased by the addition of dump site soil. High ash content is of significance in measuring the mineral content of the species as the amount of ash shows the richness of the food in terms of element composition (Hanan et al., 2009). Crude fibre content increased significantly with increase in the dump site soil proportion (DSSP). Crude fibre is important for animal feed as it is needed in a reasonable amount in their diet to help in the movement of food through the digestive tract (Elsiddig and Abduhafiz, 1996). Also crude fibre can be a source of energy to the animal body (Salih and El. Hardallou, 1986). The increase in the fat content was observed to be as a result of increase in treatment proportion, however the fat content of the samples studies were low compared 7.1 and 7.2 % reported for Ipomea batata and Larpotea ovalifolis grown on dump site soil (Ogbemudia et al., 2013). There was no significant difference between the protein content of the P. vulgaris planted on different dump site soil proportion compared to the control. However, plants in T₃ had highest protein content of 28.30 % which can be attributed to P. vulgaris containing a storage protein phaseolin (Ma and Bliss, 1978). This protein value compares favourably with other plants like cassava (Mlanihot utilisima), Piper guineeses, Talinum triangulare and with Vigna unguiculata values of 24.88%, 29.78%, 31.00%, and 15.8% respectively (Akindahunsi and Salawu, 2005; Audu and Aremu, 2011). P. vulgaris had the highest carbohydrate content of 47.75 % in the control (top soil) and this decreased as the DSSP increase indicating an dump site soil has a reductive effective on the carbohydrate content of the plant.

The result of the anti-nutrition factors present in Phaseolus vulgaris showed there were different amounts of tannin, phytate, oxalate, hydrogen-cyanide (HCN), and trypsin inhibitor. The amount of these substances increased with increase in the dump site soil proportion. Anti-nutritional content in food may cause potent human poison. Interestingly, cooking properly before consumption significantly reduces the oxalate and other anti-nutritional factor in foods (Akwaowo et al., 2000).

5. Conclusion

The findings from this study confirms the fact that dump site soil exerts effect both positive, negative and mixed (both positive and negative) on the overall growth, nutritional and anti-nutritional content of common bean P.vulgaris. Therefore, controlled use of the soil can be of help in improving the productivity of the plant.

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